Kubling Documentation

Aggregate Functions

Aggregate functions operate on sets of values from a group produced by an explicit or implicit GROUP BY clause, returning a single scalar value computed from the group.

`COUNT(*)`

Counts the number of values (including nulls and duplicates) in a group. Returns an integer.

SELECT COUNT(*) AS total_nodes FROM NODE;

Expected output:

| total_nodes |
|-------------|
| 56          |

`COUNT(x)`

Counts the number of non-null values in a group. Returns an integer.

SELECT COUNT(status__phase) AS known_phases FROM NODE;

Expected output:

| known_phases |
|--------------|
| 45           |

`COUNT_BIG(*)`

Counts the number of values (including nulls and duplicates) in a group. Returns a long. This is useful when you expect a very large number of rows.

SELECT COUNT_BIG(*) AS total_pods FROM POD;

Expected output:

| total_pods |
|------------|
| 120000000  |

`COUNT_BIG(x)`

Counts the number of non-null values in a group. Returns a long.

SELECT COUNT_BIG(metadata__name) AS named_pods FROM POD;

`SUM(x)`

Calculates the sum of the values (excluding nulls) in a group. Useful for numeric columns.

SELECT 
  SUM(CAST(jsonPathAsString(status__capacity, '$.cpu') AS integer)) AS total_cpu_capacity
FROM NODE;

`AVG(x)`

Calculates the average of the values (excluding nulls) in a group.

SELECT 
  AVG(CAST(jsonPathAsString(status__capacity, '$.memory') AS integer)) AS avg_memory_capacity
FROM NODE;

`MIN(x)`

Finds the minimum value in a group (excluding nulls).

SELECT 
  MIN(CAST(jsonPathAsString(status__capacity, '$.memory') AS integer)) AS min_memory_capacity
FROM NODE;

`MAX(x)`

Finds the maximum value in a group (excluding nulls).

SELECT 
  MAX(CAST(jsonPathAsString(status__capacity, '$.memory') AS integer)) AS max_memory_capacity
FROM NODE;

`ANY(x)` / `SOME(x)`

Returns TRUE if any value in the group is TRUE (excluding null).

SELECT 
  ANY(spec__unschedulable) AS any_unschedulable
FROM NODE;

`EVERY(x)`

Returns TRUE if every value in the group is TRUE (excluding null).

SELECT 
  EVERY(spec__unschedulable) AS all_unschedulable
FROM NODE;

`VAR_POP(x)`

Calculates the population variance of the values in a group, excluding nulls.

SELECT 
  VAR_POP(CAST(jsonPathAsString(status__capacity, '$.memory') AS integer)) AS memory_variance
FROM NODE;

`VAR_SAMP(x)`

Calculates the sample variance of the values in a group, excluding nulls.

SELECT 
  VAR_SAMP(CAST(jsonPathAsString(status__capacity, '$.memory') AS integer)) AS memory_sample_variance
FROM NODE;

`STDDEV_POP(x)`

Calculates the population standard deviation of the values in a group, excluding nulls.

SELECT 
  STDDEV_POP(CAST(jsonPathAsString(status__capacity, '$.memory') AS integer)) AS memory_std_dev
FROM NODE;

`STDDEV_SAMP(x)`

Calculates the sample standard deviation of the values in a group, excluding nulls.

SELECT 
  STDDEV_SAMP(CAST(jsonPathAsString(status__capacity, '$.memory') AS integer)) AS memory_sample_std_dev
FROM NODE;

Window Functions

Kubling provides ANSI SQL 2003 window functions, allowing aggregate functions to be applied to subsets of the result set without requiring a GROUP BY clause. Window functions are similar to aggregate functions but require the use of an OVER clause or a window specification.

Usage

aggregate [FILTER (WHERE ...)] OVER ( [PARTITION BY ...] [ORDER BY ...] [frame] )
| FIRST_VALUE(val) OVER ( [PARTITION BY ...] [ORDER BY ...] [frame] )
| LAST_VALUE(val) OVER ( [PARTITION BY ...] [ORDER BY ...] [frame] )
| analytical OVER ( [PARTITION BY ...] [ORDER BY ...] )

Where:

Partition Clause: Divides the result set into partitions, each treated independently.
Frame Clause: Defines the subset of the partition for which the window function is calculated.

Partition Clause:

PARTITION BY expression [, expression]*

Frame Clause:

RANGE | ROWS frameBound 
| BETWEEN frameBound AND frameBound

Frame Bound Options:

UNBOUNDED PRECEDING 
| UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
| n PRECEDING 
| n FOLLOWING
| CURRENT ROW

Analytical Function Definitions

Ranking Functions:

RANK() - Assigns a rank to each row within a partition, with gaps for identical values.
DENSE_RANK() - Similar to RANK() but without gaps between rank values.
PERCENT_RANK() - Calculates the relative rank of a row within a partition as (RANK - 1) / (RC - 1), where RC is the total row count.
CUME_DIST() - Computes the cumulative distribution as PR / RC, where PR is the rank of the row including peers and RC is the total row count.

Value Functions:

FIRST_VALUE(val) - Returns the first value in the window frame.
LAST_VALUE(val) - Returns the last value in the window frame.
LEAD(val [, offset [, default]]) - Returns the value at the specified offset ahead of the current row.
LAG(val [, offset [, default]]) - Returns the value at the specified offset behind the current row.
NTH_VALUE(val, n) - Returns the nth value in the window frame.

Row Value Functions:

ROW_NUMBER() - Assigns a unique sequential number to each row within a partition.
NTILE(n) - Distributes rows into n approximately equal parts.

Processing Notes

Window functions can only appear in the SELECT and ORDER BY clauses.
Window functions cannot be nested.
The PARTITION BY and ORDER BY clauses cannot contain subqueries or outer references.
The default frame is RANGE UNBOUNDED PRECEDING, which also implies the default end bound of CURRENT ROW.
RANGE computes over a row and its peers, while ROWS computes over every row individually.
LEAD, LAG, NTH_VALUE require an ORDER BY in the window specification.

Examples: Windowed Results

SELECT 
  name, 
  salary, 
  MAX(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY name) AS max_sal,
  RANK() OVER (ORDER BY salary) AS rank, 
  DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY salary) AS dense_rank,
  ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY salary) AS row_num 
FROM Employees.STAFF;

| name  | salary | max_sal | rank | dense_rank | row_num |
|-------|--------|---------|------|------------|---------|
| John  | 100000 | 100000  | 2    | 2          | 2       |
| Henry | 50000  | 50000   | 5    | 4          | 5       |
| John  | 60000  | 100000  | 3    | 3          | 3       |
| Suzie | 60000  | 150000  | 3    | 3          | 4       |
| Suzie | 150000 | 150000  | 1    | 1          | 1       |

Considerations and Limitations

Windowed aggregates cannot use DISTINCT if the window specification is ordered.
Analytical value functions like LEAD, LAG, NTH_VALUE require an ordering clause.
RANGE cannot use n PRECEDING or n FOLLOWING.

Additional Notes

For predictable ordering, always use ORDER BY in your SELECT statement, as window functions alone do not guarantee row order.

General Functions

Numeric Functions

Function	Description	Datatype Constraint
`+` `-` `*` `/`	Standard numeric operators.	`integer`, `long`, `float`, `double`, `biginteger`, `bigdecimal`
`ABS(x)`	Returns the absolute value of `x`.	Numeric types (same as above)
`ACOS(x)`	Returns the arc cosine of `x`.	`double`, `bigdecimal`
`ASIN(x)`	Returns the arc sine of `x`.	`double`, `bigdecimal`
`ATAN(x)`	Returns the arc tangent of `x`.	`double`, `bigdecimal`
`ATAN2(x, y)`	Returns the arc tangent of `y / x` using the signs to determine the correct quadrant.	`double`, `bigdecimal`
`CEILING(x)`	Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to `x`.	`double`, `float`
`COS(x)`	Returns the cosine of `x`.	`double`, `bigdecimal`
`COT(x)`	Returns the cotangent of `x`.	`double`, `bigdecimal`
`DEGREES(x)`	Converts radians to degrees.	`double`, `bigdecimal`
`EXP(x)`	Returns e^x (Euler’s number raised to the power of `x`).	`double`, `float`
`FLOOR(x)`	Returns the largest integer less than or equal to `x`.	`double`, `float`
`FORMATBIGDECIMAL(x, y)`	Formats `x` using format `y`.	`bigdecimal`, `string`
`FORMATBIGINTEGER(x, y)`	Formats `x` using format `y`.	`biginteger`, `string`
`FORMATDOUBLE(x, y)`	Formats `x` using format `y`.	`double`, `string`
`FORMATFLOAT(x, y)`	Formats `x` using format `y`.	`float`, `string`
`FORMATINTEGER(x, y)`	Formats `x` using format `y`.	`integer`, `string`
`FORMATLONG(x, y)`	Formats `x` using format `y`.	`long`, `string`
`LOG(x)`	Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of `x`.	`double`, `float`
`LOG10(x)`	Returns the base 10 logarithm of `x`.	`double`, `float`
`MOD(x, y)`	Returns the remainder of `x / y`.	`integer`, `long`, `float`, `double`, `biginteger`, `bigdecimal`
`POWER(x, y)`	Returns `x` raised to the power of `y`.	`double`, `bigdecimal`, `biginteger`
`RADIANS(x)`	Converts degrees to radians.	`double`, `bigdecimal`
`ROUND(x, y)`	Rounds `x` to `y` decimal places.	`integer`, `float`, `double`, `bigdecimal`
`SIGN(x)`	Returns `1` if `x > 0`, `0` if `x = 0`, `-1` if `x < 0`.	`integer`, `long`, `float`, `double`, `biginteger`, `bigdecimal`
`SIN(x)`	Returns the sine of `x`.	`double`, `bigdecimal`
`SQRT(x)`	Returns the square root of `x`.	`long`, `double`, `bigdecimal`
`TAN(x)`	Returns the tangent of `x`.	`double`, `bigdecimal`
`BITAND(x, y)`	Returns the bitwise AND of `x` and `y`.	`integer`
`BITOR(x, y)`	Returns the bitwise OR of `x` and `y`.	`integer`
`BITXOR(x, y)`	Returns the bitwise XOR of `x` and `y`.	`integer`
`BITNOT(x)`	Returns the bitwise NOT of `x`.	`integer`

Examples

-- Rounding and Power Functions
SELECT 
  ROUND(123.4567, 2) AS rounded_value,  -- Returns 123.46
  POWER(2, 3) AS powered_value;  -- Returns 8
 
-- Trigonometric Functions
SELECT 
  SIN(PI()/2) AS sin_value,  -- Returns 1
  COS(PI()) AS cos_value,    -- Returns -1
  TAN(PI()/4) AS tan_value;  -- Returns 1
 
-- Logarithm and Exponent Functions
SELECT 
  LOG(2.71828) AS natural_log,  -- Returns approximately 1
  LOG10(1000) AS log_base_10,   -- Returns 3
  EXP(1) AS exp_value;          -- Returns approximately 2.71828
 
-- Bitwise Operations
SELECT 
  BITAND(5, 3) AS bitwise_and,  -- Returns 1 (0101 AND 0011)
  BITOR(5, 3) AS bitwise_or,    -- Returns 7 (0101 OR 0011)
  BITXOR(5, 3) AS bitwise_xor;  -- Returns 6 (0101 XOR 0011)

String Functions

Function	Description	Datatype Constraint
`x \|\| y`	Concatenates `x` and `y`. Returns `null` if either `x` or `y` is `null`.	`string`, `clob`
`ASCII(x)`	Returns the ASCII value of the first character in `x`. Returns `null` for an empty string.	`string`, returns `integer`
`CHR(x)` / `CHAR(x)`	Returns the character corresponding to the ASCII value `x`.	`integer`, returns `string`
`CONCAT(x, y)`	Concatenates `x` and `y` with ANSI semantics. Returns `null` if either is `null`.	`string`, returns `string`
`CONCAT2(x, y)`	Concatenates `x` and `y` with non-ANSI semantics. If either is `null`, returns the non-null value.	`string`, returns `string`
`ENDSWITH(x, y)`	Returns `true` if `y` ends with `x`. Returns `null` if either is `null`.	`string`, returns `boolean`
`INITCAP(x)`	Capitalizes the first letter of each word in `x` and lowercases the rest.	`string`, returns `string`
`INSERT(str1, start, length, str2)`	Inserts `str2` into `str1` at the specified start position, replacing `length` characters.	`string`, `integer`, `string`, returns `string`
`LCASE(x)`	Converts `x` to lowercase.	`string`, returns `string`
`LEFT(x, y)`	Returns the leftmost `y` characters of `x`.	`string`, `integer`, returns `string`
`LENGTH(x)`	Returns the number of characters in `x`.	`string`, returns `integer`
`LOCATE(x, y)`	Returns the position of the first occurrence of `x` in `y`.	`string`, `string`, returns `integer`
`LOCATE(x, y, z)`	Returns the position of the first occurrence of `x` in `y`, starting from position `z`.	`string`, `string`, `integer`, returns `integer`
`LPAD(x, y)`	Pads `x` with spaces on the left to make it `y` characters long.	`string`, `integer`, returns `string`
`LPAD(x, y, z)`	Pads `x` on the left to make it `y` characters long, using character `z`.	`string`, `integer`, `string`, returns `string`
`LTRIM(x)`	Removes leading whitespace from `x`.	`string`, returns `string`
`QUERYSTRING(path [, expr [AS name] ...])`	Returns a URL query string based on the provided path and optional parameters.	`string`, returns `string`
`REPEAT(str1, instances)`	Repeats `str1` a specified number of times.	`string`, `integer`, returns `string`
`RIGHT(x, y)`	Returns the rightmost `y` characters of `x`.	`string`, `integer`, returns `string`
`RPAD(x, y)`	Pads `x` with spaces on the right to make it `y` characters long.	`string`, `integer`, returns `string`
`RPAD(x, y, z)`	Pads `x` on the right to make it `y` characters long, using character `z`.	`string`, `integer`, `string`, returns `string`
`RTRIM(x)`	Removes trailing whitespace from `x`.	`string`, returns `string`
`TRIM([[LEADING\|TRAILING\|BOTH] [x] FROM] y)`	Trims characters from the beginning, end, or both ends of `y`.	`string`, returns `string`
`SPACE(x)`	Returns a string of `x` space characters.	`integer`, returns `string`
`SUBSTRING(x, y)`	Returns the substring of `x`, starting from position `y`.	`string`, `integer`, returns `string`
`SUBSTRING(x, y, z)`	Returns the substring of `x`, starting from position `y` with length `z`.	`string`, `integer`, `integer`, returns `string`
`UCASE(x)`	Converts `x` to uppercase.	`string`, returns `string`
`UNESCAPE(x)`	Unescapes characters in `x`, including Unicode and octal sequences.	`string`, returns `string`
`REPLACE(x, y, z)`	Replaces all occurrences of `y` in `x` with `z`.	`string`, `string`, `string`, returns `string`
`REGEXP_REPLACE(str, pattern, sub [, flags])`	Replaces one or more occurrences of `pattern` in `str` with `sub`. Supports flags for global (`g`), multiline (`m`), and case-insensitive (`i`) matches.	`string`, `string`, `string`, returns `string`

Examples

-- Basic String Operations
SELECT 
  CONCAT('Hello', ' World') AS greeting,  -- Returns 'Hello World'
  LENGTH('Hello World') AS length,        -- Returns 11
  INITCAP('hello world') AS capitalized;  -- Returns 'Hello World'
 
-- Substring and Padding
SELECT 
  SUBSTRING('abcdef', 2, 3) AS substring,  -- Returns 'bcd'
  LPAD('123', 5, '0') AS padded_left,      -- Returns '00123'
  RPAD('123', 5, '0') AS padded_right;     -- Returns '12300'
 
-- Trimming and Repeating
SELECT 
  TRIM('  Hello World  ') AS trimmed,     -- Returns 'Hello World'
  REPEAT('abc', 3) AS repeated;           -- Returns 'abcabcabc'
 
-- Advanced String Replacement
SELECT 
  REPLACE('Hello World', 'World', 'SQL') AS replaced,       -- Returns 'Hello SQL'
  REGEXP_REPLACE('abc123def', '[0-9]', 'X', 'g') AS masked; -- Returns 'abcXXXdef'

Type Conversion Functions

Function	Description	Datatype Constraint
`CONVERT(x, type)`	Converts `x` to the specified `type`. The target `type` must be a standard data type.	`any`, returns `type`
`CAST(x AS type)`	Identical to `CONVERT`. Converts `x` to the specified `type`.	`any`, returns `type`

💡

Options specified on the target type, such as length, precision, scale, etc., are effectively ignored - the engine simply converts from one object type to another.

Examples

-- Basic Type Conversion
SELECT 
  CAST('123' AS integer) AS int_value,      -- Returns 123
  CONVERT('123.45', double) AS dbl_value,   -- Returns 123.45
  CAST(123 AS string) AS str_value;         -- Returns '123'
 
-- Converting Dates and Timestamps
SELECT 
  CAST('2025-10-10' AS date) AS date_value,             -- Returns 2025-10-10
  CONVERT('2025-10-10 23:59:59', timestamp) AS ts_value; -- Returns 2025-10-10 23:59:59.000
 
-- Converting JSON Strings
SELECT 
  CAST('[1, 2, 3]' AS json) AS json_array,        -- Returns [1,2,3]
  CONVERT('{"key": "value"}', json) AS json_obj;  -- Returns {"key": "value"}

Date and Time Functions

Function	Description	Datatype Constraint
`CURDATE()` / `CURRENT_DATE()`	Returns the current date. Same value for all invocations in a single user command.	Returns `date`
`CURTIME()` / `CURRENT_TIME()`	Returns the current time. Same value for all invocations in a single user command.	Returns `time`
`NOW()` / `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()`	Returns the current timestamp (date and time with millisecond precision). Same value for all invocations in a single user command.	Returns `timestamp`
`DAYNAME(x)`	Returns the name of the day for the given date or timestamp in the default locale.	`x` in timestamp, returns `string`
`DAYOFMONTH(x)`	Returns the day of the month for the given date or timestamp.	`x` in timestamp, returns `integer`
`DAYOFWEEK(x)`	Returns the day of the week (Sunday = 1, Saturday = 7).	`x` in timestamp, returns `integer`
`DAYOFYEAR(x)`	Returns the day number within the year for the given date or timestamp.	`x` in timestamp, returns `integer`
`EPOCH(x)`	Returns the seconds since the Unix epoch with microsecond precision.	`x` in timestamp, returns `double`
`EXTRACT(FIELD FROM x)`	Returns the specified `FIELD` from the date value `x`. Fields include `YEAR`, `MONTH`, `DAYOFMONTH`, `HOUR`, `MINUTE`, `SECOND`, `EPOCH`, etc.	`x` in timestamp, returns `integer` or `double`
`FORMATDATE(x, y)`	Formats the date `x` using the format `y`.	`x` is `date`, `y` is `string`, returns `string`
`FORMATTIME(x, y)`	Formats the time `x` using the format `y`.	`x` is `time`, `y` is `string`, returns `string`
`FORMATTIMESTAMP(x, y)`	Formats the timestamp `x` using the format `y`.	`x` is `timestamp`, `y` is `string`, returns `string`
`FROM_MILLIS(millis)`	Returns the `timestamp` value for the given milliseconds since Unix epoch.	`long` UTC timestamp in milliseconds
`FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp)`	Returns the Unix timestamp as a `string` in the default format `yyyy/mm/dd hh:mm:ss`.	`long` Unix timestamp (in seconds)
`HOUR(x)`	Returns the hour component (in 24-hour format).	`x` in timestamp, returns `integer`
`MINUTE(x)`	Returns the minute component.	`x` in timestamp, returns `integer`
`MODIFYTIMEZONE(timestamp, startTimeZone, endTimeZone)`	Returns a timestamp adjusted for the difference between `startTimeZone` and `endTimeZone`.	Strings for time zones, returns `timestamp`
`MONTH(x)`	Returns the month component.	`x` in timestamp, returns `integer`
`MONTHNAME(x)`	Returns the name of the month in the default locale.	`x` in timestamp, returns `string`
`PARSEDATE(x, y)`	Parses a date from `x` using the format `y`.	`x`, `y` are `string`, returns `date`
`PARSETIME(x, y)`	Parses a time from `x` using the format `y`.	`x`, `y` are `string`, returns `time`
`PARSETIMESTAMP(x, y)`	Parses a timestamp from `x` using the format `y`.	`x`, `y` are `string`, returns `timestamp`
`QUARTER(x)`	Returns the quarter of the year.	`x` in timestamp, returns `integer`
`SECOND(x)`	Returns the seconds component.	`x` in timestamp, returns `integer`
`TIMESTAMPCREATE(date, time)`	Creates a timestamp from a `date` and a `time`.	`date` is `date`, `time` is `time`, returns `timestamp`
`TO_MILLIS(timestamp)`	Returns the UTC timestamp in milliseconds.	Timestamp value
`UNIX_TIMESTAMP(unix_timestamp)`	Returns the Unix timestamp (in seconds).	`unix_timestamp` as `string`, returns `long`
`WEEK(x)`	Returns the week of the year (1-53).	`x` in timestamp, returns `integer`
`YEAR(x)`	Returns the four-digit year.	`x` in timestamp, returns `integer`

`TIMESTAMPADD`

Adds a specified interval amount to a timestamp.

TIMESTAMPADD(interval, count, timestamp)

Arguments:

Name	Description
`interval`	A datetime interval unit, can be one of the following keywords: `SQL_TSI_FRAC_SECOND`, `SQL_TSI_SECOND`, `SQL_TSI_MINUTE`, `SQL_TSI_HOUR`, `SQL_TSI_DAY`, `SQL_TSI_WEEK`, `SQL_TSI_MONTH`, `SQL_TSI_QUARTER`, `SQL_TSI_YEAR`
`count`	A long or integer count of units to add to the timestamp. Negative values subtract that number of units.
`timestamp`	A datetime expression.

Examples:

SELECT TIMESTAMPADD(SQL_TSI_MONTH, 12,'2025-10-10');
SELECT TIMESTAMPADD(SQL_TSI_SECOND, 12, CONVERT('2025-10-10 23:59:59', timestamp));

`TIMESTAMPDIFF`

Calculates the number of date part intervals crossed between two timestamps and returns a long value.

TIMESTAMPDIFF(interval, startTime, endTime)

Arguments:

Name	Description
`interval`	A datetime interval unit, the same as keywords used by `TIMESTAMPADD`.
`startTime`	A datetime expression.
`endTime`	A datetime expression.

Examples:

SELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(SQL_TSI_MONTH,'2000-01-02','2025-10-10');
SELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(SQL_TSI_SECOND,'2000-01-02 00:00:00','2025-10-10 23:59:59');
SELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(SQL_TSI_FRAC_SECOND,'2000-01-02 00:00:00.0','2025-10-10 23:59:59.999999');

Note:

If endTime > startTime, a non-negative number is returned.
If endTime < startTime, a non-positive number is returned.
The date part difference is counted regardless of how close the timestamps are.
For example, '2025-01-02 00:00:00.0' is still considered 1 hour ahead of '2025-01-01 23:59:59.999999'.

Decode Functions

Function	Description	Datatype Constraint
`DECODESTRING(x, y [, z])`	Decodes the column `x` using a string of value pairs `y` with an optional delimiter `z` and returns the decoded column as a string. If a delimiter is not specified, a comma (`,`) is used. The format for `y` is `SearchDelimResultDelimSearchDelimResult[DelimDefault]`. Returns `Default` if specified, or `x` if there are no matches.	All parameters and return type are `string`.
`DECODEINTEGER(x, y [, z])`	Decodes the column `x` using a string of value pairs `y` with an optional delimiter `z` and returns the decoded column as an integer. If a delimiter is not specified, a comma (`,`) is used. The format for `y` is `SearchDelimResultDelimSearchDelimResult[DelimDefault]`. Returns `Default` if specified, or `x` if there are no matches.	All parameters are `string`; returns `integer`.

Examples

Basic String Decoding

SELECT 
  metadata__name AS pod_name,
  metadata__namespace AS namespace,
  clusterName,
  DECODESTRING(status, 'True:Ready,False:Not Ready,Unknown:Unknown Status', ':') AS status_message
FROM POD_STATUS_CONDITION
WHERE status IS NOT NULL;

pod_name                                |namespace         |clusterName|status_message|
----------------------------------------+------------------+-----------+--------------+
haproxy-ingress-r579p                   |ingress-controller|kube1      |Ready,False   |
haproxy-ingress-r579p                   |ingress-controller|kube1      |Ready,False   |
haproxy-ingress-r579p                   |ingress-controller|kube1      |Ready,False   |
haproxy-ingress-r579p                   |ingress-controller|kube1      |Ready,False   |
haproxy-ingress-r579p                   |ingress-controller|kube1      |Ready,False   |
ingress-default-backend-6468f96589-cm9kh|ingress-controller|kube1      |Ready,False   |

Using Default Value

SELECT DECODESTRING(status, '200:OK,404:Not Found', ':', 'Unknown Status') AS status_message 
FROM API_LOGS;

Integer Decoding

SELECT DECODEINTEGER(priority, '1:Low,2:Medium,3:High', ':', '0') AS priority_label 
FROM TASKS;

Document Functions v24.5.3+

Function	Description
`jsonParse(value, skipValidation)`	Parses a `value` (`CLOB` or `BLOB`) and returns a `json` object. `skipValidation` indicates whether pre-parsing validation of `value` should be skipped.
`jsonObject(c1, c2, ..., cn)`	Returns a `json` object based on a list of columns. The resulting object contains fields in the form of `column_name: column_value`.
`yamlAsJSON(value)`	Converts `value` (`CLOB`), which is expected to be a valid YAML document, into a `json` object.
`jsonPath(value, path)`	Evaluates a JsonPath expression on `value`, which is expected to be a valid `json` document (`string` or `CLOB`). Always returns a `json` document, even if it’s a single value. In such cases, transform it to other types as needed.
`jsonJq(value, query)`	Applies a jq query to `value`, which is expected to be a valid `json` document (`string` or `CLOB`). Always returns a `json` document, even if it’s a single value. In such cases, transform it to other types as needed.
`jsonPathAsString(value, path)`	Same as `jsonPath` but returns a `string` instead of a `json` object.
`jsonJqAsString(value, query)`	Same as `jsonJq` but returns a `string` instead of a `json` object.

Examples

Parsing JSON Documents

SELECT jsonParse(config_json, true) AS parsed_config
FROM CONFIG_TABLE;

Extracting Fields with JsonPath

SELECT jsonObject(metadata__name, spec__providerID) AS node_summary
FROM NODE;

(assuming metadata__name and spec__providerID are string columns)

Using JSON Objects Directly

SELECT jsonObject(metadata__labels, status__nodeInfo) AS node_summary
FROM NODE;

Expected output (assuming metadata__labels and status__nodeInfo are json columns):

| node_summary                         |
|--------------------------------------|
| {"metadata__name":"kbl-dev-master-1","status__conditions":[ {
  "lastHeartbeatTime" : "2025-05-18T14:30:15Z",
  "lastTransitionTime" : "2025-03-12T14:07:28Z",
  "message" : "kubelet has sufficient memory available",
  "reason" : "KubeletHasSufficientMemory",
  "status" : "False",
  "type" : "MemoryPressure"
}, {
  "lastHeartbeatTime" : "2025-05-18T14:30:15Z",
  "lastTransitionTime" : "2025-03-12T14:07:28Z",
  "message" : "kubelet has no disk pressure",
  "reason" : "KubeletHasNoDiskPressure",
  "status" : "False",
  "type" : "DiskPressure"
} ]} |

YAML to JSON Conversion

SELECT yamlAsJSON(manifest_yaml) AS manifest_json
FROM CONFIG_MAPS;

Expected output (assuming manifest_yaml contains valid YAML documents):

| manifest_json   |
|-----------------|
| {"key":"value"} |
| {"foo":"bar"}   |

Choice Functions

Choice functions are used to handle null values or to select the first non-null value from a list. They are essential when dealing with incomplete data or when default values are required.

COALESCE

Returns the first non-null value in a list of expressions.

SELECT 
  name,
  COALESCE(email, 'No Email Provided') AS contact
FROM USERS;

Expected output:

| name   | contact               |
|--------|-----------------------|
| Alice  | [email protected]     |
| Bob    | No Email Provided     |
| Carol  | [email protected]     |

IFNULL

Similar to COALESCE, but only accepts two arguments. Returns the second argument if the first is null.

SELECT 
  name,
  IFNULL(phone, 'No Phone Available') AS phone_number
FROM USERS;

Expected output:

| name   | phone_number         |
|--------|----------------------|
| Alice  | 123-456-7890         |
| Bob    | No Phone Available   |
| Carol  | 987-654-3210         |

NVL

Another variation of IFNULL with the same behavior.

SELECT 
  metadata__name,
  NVL(spec__externalID, 'No External ID Provided') AS user_address
FROM NODE;

Expected output:

metadata__name  |user_address           |
----------------+-----------------------+
master-1		|123					|
master-2		|No External ID Provided|
node-1  		|ABC					|
node-2  		|No External ID Provided|

NULLIF

Returns null if the two arguments are equal, otherwise returns the first argument.

SELECT 
  metadata__name,
  NULLIF(spec__podCIDR, '10.42.0.0/24') AS active_status
FROM NODE;

Vector Functions v25.1+

Vector functions are used for mathematical operations on vectors, such as distance calculations and transformations. These are especially useful for machine learning and similarity computations.

`vectorStringToArray`

Converts a string representation of a vector into an array of double.

SELECT 
  vectorStringToArray('[0.1, 0.2, 0.3]') AS vector_array;

Expected output:

| vector_array    |
|-----------------|
| [0.1, 0.2, 0.3] |

`euclideanDistance`

Calculates the Euclidean distance between two vectors.

SELECT 
  euclideanDistance(
    vectorStringToArray('[1.0, 2.0, 3.0]'),
    vectorStringToArray('[4.0, 5.0, 6.0]')
  ) AS distance;

Expected output:

| distance |
|----------|
| 5.196    |

`innerProduct`

Calculates the dot product of two vectors.

SELECT 
  innerProduct(
    vectorStringToArray('[1.0, 2.0, 3.0]'),
    vectorStringToArray('[4.0, 5.0, 6.0]')
  ) AS dot_product;

Expected output:

| dot_product |
|-------------|
| 32.0        |

`cosineDistance`

Calculates the cosine distance between two vectors.

SELECT 
  cosineDistance(
    vectorStringToArray('[1.0, 0.0, 0.0]'),
    vectorStringToArray('[0.0, 1.0, 0.0]')
  ) AS cosine_distance;

Expected output:

| cosine_distance |
|-----------------|
| 1.0             |

Document Functions v24.5.3+

Document functions are essential for working with JSON and YAML data, which is common in Kubernetes objects and other structured documents. They provide a way to parse, query, and transform these formats directly within SQL.

`jsonParse(value, skipValidation)`

Parses a value (CLOB or BLOB) into a json object. If skipValidation is set to true, the function skips pre-parsing validation of value.

SELECT 
  jsonParse('{"key": "value"}', true) AS parsed_json
FROM NODE
LIMIT 1;

Expected output:

| parsed_json     |
|-----------------|
| {"key":"value"} |

`jsonObject(c1, c2, ..., cn)`

Returns a json object based on a list of columns. The resulting object contains fields in the form of column_name: column_value.

SELECT 
  jsonObject(clusterName, schema, metadata__name) AS node_info
FROM NODE
LIMIT 1;

Expected output:

| node_info                                                                |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| {"clusterName":"kube1","schema":"kube1","metadata__name":"dev-master-1"} |

`yamlAsJSON(value)`

Converts a CLOB containing YAML into a json object.

SELECT yamlAsJSON('name: example-node'||chr(10)||'cluster: my-cluster');

Expected output:

| parsed_yaml                                    |
|------------------------------------------------|
| {"name":"example-node","cluster":"my-cluster"} |

`jsonPath(value, path)`

Evaluates a JsonPath expression on value, which should be a json document. Always returns a json object.

SELECT 
  jsonPath(status__allocatable, '$.cpu') AS cpu_capacity
FROM NODE

`jsonJq(value, query)`

Applies a jq query to value, which should be a json document. Always returns a json object.

SELECT 
  jsonJq(status__allocatable, '.cpu') AS cpu_capacity
FROM NODE

`jsonPathAsString(value, path)`

Similar to jsonPath but returns a string instead of a json object. This is particularly useful when you need to compare the extracted value directly in a WHERE clause.

SELECT 
  jsonPathAsString(status__allocatable, '$.cpu') AS cpu_capacity
FROM NODE

`jsonJqAsString(value, query)`

Similar to jsonJq but returns a string instead of a json object.

SELECT 
  jsonJqAsString(status__allocatable, '.cpu') AS cpu_capacity
FROM NODE

SQL Spatial

Aggregate Functions

COUNT(*)

COUNT(x)

COUNT_BIG(*)

COUNT_BIG(x)

SUM(x)

AVG(x)

MIN(x)

MAX(x)

ANY(x) / SOME(x)

EVERY(x)

VAR_POP(x)

VAR_SAMP(x)

STDDEV_POP(x)

STDDEV_SAMP(x)

Window Functions

Usage

Analytical Function Definitions

Ranking Functions:

Value Functions:

Row Value Functions:

Processing Notes

Examples: Windowed Results

Considerations and Limitations

Additional Notes

General Functions

Numeric Functions

Examples

String Functions

Examples

Type Conversion Functions

Examples

Date and Time Functions

TIMESTAMPADD

TIMESTAMPDIFF

Decode Functions

Examples

Document Functions v24.5.3+

Examples

Choice Functions

COALESCE

IFNULL

NVL

NULLIF

Vector Functions v25.1+

vectorStringToArray

euclideanDistance

innerProduct

cosineDistance

Document Functions v24.5.3+

jsonParse(value, skipValidation)

jsonObject(c1, c2, ..., cn)

yamlAsJSON(value)

jsonPath(value, path)

jsonJq(value, query)

jsonPathAsString(value, path)

jsonJqAsString(value, query)

`COUNT(*)`

`COUNT(x)`

`COUNT_BIG(*)`

`COUNT_BIG(x)`

`SUM(x)`

`AVG(x)`

`MIN(x)`

`MAX(x)`

`ANY(x)` / `SOME(x)`

`EVERY(x)`

`VAR_POP(x)`

`VAR_SAMP(x)`

`STDDEV_POP(x)`

`STDDEV_SAMP(x)`

`TIMESTAMPADD`

`TIMESTAMPDIFF`

`vectorStringToArray`

`euclideanDistance`

`innerProduct`

`cosineDistance`

`jsonParse(value, skipValidation)`

`jsonObject(c1, c2, ..., cn)`

`yamlAsJSON(value)`

`jsonPath(value, path)`

`jsonJq(value, query)`

`jsonPathAsString(value, path)`

`jsonJqAsString(value, query)`